import "net/http"
Package http provides HTTP client and server implementations.
Get, Head, Post, and PostForm make HTTP (or HTTPS) requests:
resp, err := http.Get("http://example.com/")
...
resp, err := http.Post("http://example.com/upload", "image/jpeg", &buf)
...
resp, err := http.PostForm("http://example.com/form",
url.Values{"key": {"Value"}, "id": {"123"}})
The client must close the response body when finished with it:
resp, err := http.Get("http://example.com/")
if err != nil {
// handle error
}
defer resp.Body.Close()
body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
// ...
For control over HTTP client headers, redirect policy, and other settings, create a Client:
client := &http.Client{
CheckRedirect: redirectPolicyFunc,
}
resp, err := client.Get("http://example.com")
// ...
req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", "http://example.com", nil)
// ...
req.Header.Add("If-None-Match", `W/"wyzzy"`)
resp, err := client.Do(req)
// ...
For control over proxies, TLS configuration, keep-alives, compression, and other settings, create a Transport:
tr := &http.Transport{
TLSClientConfig: &tls.Config{RootCAs: pool},
DisableCompression: true,
}
client := &http.Client{Transport: tr}
resp, err := client.Get("https://example.com")
Clients and Transports are safe for concurrent use by multiple goroutines and for efficiency should only be created once and re-used.
ListenAndServe starts an HTTP server with a given address and handler. The handler is usually nil, which means to use DefaultServeMux. Handle and HandleFunc add handlers to DefaultServeMux:
http.Handle("/foo", fooHandler)
http.HandleFunc("/bar", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Hello, %q", html.EscapeString(r.URL.Path))
})
log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))
More control over the server's behavior is available by creating a custom Server:
s := &http.Server{
Addr: ":8080",
Handler: myHandler,
ReadTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
WriteTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
MaxHeaderBytes: 1 << 20,
}
log.Fatal(s.ListenAndServe())
client.go cookie.go doc.go filetransport.go fs.go header.go jar.go lex.go request.go response.go server.go sniff.go status.go transfer.go transport.go
const (
StatusContinue = 100
StatusSwitchingProtocols = 101
StatusOK = 200
StatusCreated = 201
StatusAccepted = 202
StatusNonAuthoritativeInfo = 203
StatusNoContent = 204
StatusResetContent = 205
StatusPartialContent = 206
StatusMultipleChoices = 300
StatusMovedPermanently = 301
StatusFound = 302
StatusSeeOther = 303
StatusNotModified = 304
StatusUseProxy = 305
StatusTemporaryRedirect = 307
StatusBadRequest = 400
= 401
StatusPaymentRequired = 402
StatusForbidden = 403
StatusNotFound = 404
StatusMethodNotAllowed = 405
StatusNotAcceptable = 406
StatusProxyAuthRequired = 407
StatusRequestTimeout = 408
StatusConflict = 409
StatusGone = 410
StatusLengthRequired = 411
StatusPreconditionFailed = 412
StatusRequestEntityTooLarge = 413
StatusRequestURITooLong = 414
StatusUnsupportedMediaType = 415
StatusRequestedRangeNotSatisfiable = 416
StatusExpectationFailed = 417
StatusTeapot = 418
StatusInternalServerError = 500
StatusNotImplemented = 501
StatusBadGateway = 502
= 503
StatusGatewayTimeout = 504
StatusHTTPVersionNotSupported = 505
)HTTP status codes, defined in RFC 2616.
const DefaultMaxHeaderBytes = 1 << 20 // 1 MB
DefaultMaxHeaderBytes is the maximum permitted size of the headers in an HTTP request. This can be overridden by setting Server.MaxHeaderBytes.
const DefaultMaxIdleConnsPerHost = 2DefaultMaxIdleConnsPerHost is the default value of Transport's MaxIdleConnsPerHost.
const TimeFormat = "Mon, 02 Jan 2006 15:04:05 GMT"TimeFormat is the time format to use with time.Parse and time.Time.Format when parsing or generating times in HTTP headers. It is like time.RFC1123 but hard codes GMT as the time zone.
var (
ErrHeaderTooLong = &ProtocolError{"header too long"}
ErrShortBody = &ProtocolError{"entity body too short"}
ErrNotSupported = &ProtocolError{"feature not supported"}
ErrUnexpectedTrailer = &ProtocolError{"trailer header without chunked transfer encoding"}
ErrMissingContentLength = &ProtocolError{"missing ContentLength in HEAD response"}
ErrNotMultipart = &ProtocolError{"request Content-Type isn't multipart/form-data"}
ErrMissingBoundary = &ProtocolError{"no multipart boundary param in Content-Type"}
)var (
ErrWriteAfterFlush = errors.New("Conn.Write called after Flush")
ErrBodyNotAllowed = errors.New("http: request method or response status code does not allow body")
ErrHijacked = errors.New("Conn has been hijacked")
ErrContentLength = errors.New("Conn.Write wrote more than the declared Content-Length")
)Errors introduced by the HTTP server.
var DefaultClient = &Client{}
DefaultClient is the default Client and is used by Get, Head, and Post.
var DefaultServeMux = NewServeMux()
DefaultServeMux is the default ServeMux used by Serve.
var ErrBodyReadAfterClose = errors.New("http: invalid Read on closed Body")
ErrBodyReadAfterClose is returned when reading a Request or Response Body after the body has been closed. This typically happens when the body is read after an HTTP Handler calls WriteHeader or Write on its ResponseWriter.
var ErrHandlerTimeout = errors.New("http: Handler timeout")
ErrHandlerTimeout is returned on ResponseWriter Write calls in handlers which have timed out.
var ErrLineTooLong = internal.ErrLineTooLong
ErrLineTooLong is returned when reading request or response bodies with malformed chunked encoding.
var ErrMissingFile = errors.New("http: no such file")
ErrMissingFile is returned by FormFile when the provided file field name is either not present in the request or not a file field.
var ErrNoCookie = errors.New("http: named cookie not present")
var ErrNoLocation = errors.New("http: no Location header in response")
func CanonicalHeaderKey(s string) string
CanonicalHeaderKey returns the canonical format of the header key s. The canonicalization converts the first letter and any letter following a hyphen to upper case; the rest are converted to lowercase. For example, the canonical key for "accept-encoding" is "Accept-Encoding".
func DetectContentType(data []byte) string
DetectContentType implements the algorithm described at http://mimesniff.spec.whatwg.org/ to determine the Content-Type of the given data. It considers at most the first 512 bytes of data. DetectContentType always returns a valid MIME type: if it cannot determine a more specific one, it returns "application/octet-stream".
func Error(w ResponseWriter, error string, code int)
Error replies to the request with the specified error message and HTTP code. The error message should be plain text.
func Handle(pattern string, handler Handler)
Handle registers the handler for the given pattern in the DefaultServeMux. The documentation for ServeMux explains how patterns are matched.
func HandleFunc(pattern string, handler func(ResponseWriter, *Request))
HandleFunc registers the handler function for the given pattern in the DefaultServeMux. The documentation for ServeMux explains how patterns are matched.
func ListenAndServe(addr string, handler Handler) error
ListenAndServe listens on the TCP network address addr and then calls Serve with handler to handle requests on incoming connections. Handler is typically nil, in which case the DefaultServeMux is used.
A trivial example server is:
package main
import (
"io"
"net/http"
"log"
)
// hello world, the web server
func HelloServer(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
io.WriteString(w, "hello, world!\n")
}
func main() {
http.HandleFunc("/hello", HelloServer)
err := http.ListenAndServe(":12345", nil)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal("ListenAndServe: ", err)
}
}
func ListenAndServeTLS(addr string, certFile string, keyFile string, handler Handler) error
ListenAndServeTLS acts identically to ListenAndServe, except that it expects HTTPS connections. Additionally, files containing a certificate and matching private key for the server must be provided. If the certificate is signed by a certificate authority, the certFile should be the concatenation of the server's certificate followed by the CA's certificate.
A trivial example server is:
import (
"log"
"net/http"
)
func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/plain")
w.Write([]byte("This is an example server.\n"))
}
func main() {
http.HandleFunc("/", handler)
log.Printf("About to listen on 10443. Go to https://127.0.0.1:10443/")
err := http.ListenAndServeTLS(":10443", "cert.pem", "key.pem", nil)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
}
One can use generate_cert.go in crypto/tls to generate cert.pem and key.pem.
func MaxBytesReader(w ResponseWriter, r io.ReadCloser, n int64) io.ReadCloser
MaxBytesReader is similar to io.LimitReader but is intended for limiting the size of incoming request bodies. In contrast to io.LimitReader, MaxBytesReader's result is a ReadCloser, returns a non-EOF error for a Read beyond the limit, and Closes the underlying reader when its Close method is called.
MaxBytesReader prevents clients from accidentally or maliciously sending a large request and wasting server resources.
func NotFound(w ResponseWriter, r *Request)
NotFound replies to the request with an HTTP 404 not found error.
func ParseHTTPVersion(vers string) (major, minor int, ok bool)
ParseHTTPVersion parses a HTTP version string. "HTTP/1.0" returns (1, 0, true).
func ParseTime(text string) (t time.Time, err error)
ParseTime parses a time header (such as the Date: header), trying each of the three formats allowed by HTTP/1.1: TimeFormat, time.RFC850, and time.ANSIC.
func ProxyFromEnvironment(req *Request) (*url.URL, error)
ProxyFromEnvironment returns the URL of the proxy to use for a given request, as indicated by the environment variables HTTP_PROXY, HTTPS_PROXY and NO_PROXY (or the lowercase versions thereof). HTTPS_PROXY takes precedence over HTTP_PROXY for https requests.
The environment values may be either a complete URL or a "host[:port]", in which case the "http" scheme is assumed. An error is returned if the value is a different form.
A nil URL and nil error are returned if no proxy is defined in the environment, or a proxy should not be used for the given request, as defined by NO_PROXY.
As a special case, if req.URL.Host is "localhost" (with or without a port number), then a nil URL and nil error will be returned.
func ProxyURL(fixedURL *url.URL) func(*Request) (*url.URL, error)
ProxyURL returns a proxy function (for use in a Transport) that always returns the same URL.
func Redirect(w ResponseWriter, r *Request, urlStr string, code int)
Redirect replies to the request with a redirect to url, which may be a path relative to the request path.
func Serve(l net.Listener, handler Handler) error
Serve accepts incoming HTTP connections on the listener l, creating a new service goroutine for each. The service goroutines read requests and then call handler to reply to them. Handler is typically nil, in which case the DefaultServeMux is used.
func ServeContent(w ResponseWriter, req *Request, name string, modtime time.Time, content io.ReadSeeker)
ServeContent replies to the request using the content in the provided ReadSeeker. The main benefit of ServeContent over io.Copy is that it handles Range requests properly, sets the MIME type, and handles If-Modified-Since requests.
If the response's Content-Type header is not set, ServeContent first tries to deduce the type from name's file extension and, if that fails, falls back to reading the first block of the content and passing it to DetectContentType. The name is otherwise unused; in particular it can be empty and is never sent in the response.
If modtime is not the zero time, ServeContent includes it in a Last-Modified header in the response. If the request includes an If-Modified-Since header, ServeContent uses modtime to decide whether the content needs to be sent at all.
The content's Seek method must work: ServeContent uses a seek to the end of the content to determine its size.
If the caller has set w's ETag header, ServeContent uses it to handle requests using If-Range and If-None-Match.
Note that *os.File implements the io.ReadSeeker interface.
func ServeFile(w ResponseWriter, r *Request, name string)
ServeFile replies to the request with the contents of the named file or directory.
func SetCookie(w ResponseWriter, cookie *Cookie)
SetCookie adds a Set-Cookie header to the provided ResponseWriter's headers.
func StatusText(code int) string
StatusText returns a text for the HTTP status code. It returns the empty string if the code is unknown.
type Client struct {
// Transport specifies the mechanism by which individual
// HTTP requests are made.
// If nil, DefaultTransport is used.
Transport RoundTripper
// CheckRedirect specifies the policy for handling redirects.
// If CheckRedirect is not nil, the client calls it before
// following an HTTP redirect. The arguments req and via are
// the upcoming request and the requests made already, oldest
// first. If CheckRedirect returns an error, the Client's Get
// method returns both the previous Response and
// CheckRedirect's error (wrapped in a url.Error) instead of
// issuing the Request req.
//
// If CheckRedirect is nil, the Client uses its default policy,
// which is to stop after 10 consecutive requests.
CheckRedirect func(req *Request, via []*Request) error
// Jar specifies the cookie jar.
// If Jar is nil, cookies are not sent in requests and ignored
// in responses.
Jar CookieJar
// Timeout specifies a time limit for requests made by this
// Client. The timeout includes connection time, any
// redirects, and reading the response body. The timer remains
// running after Get, Head, Post, or Do return and will
// interrupt reading of the Response.Body.
//
// A Timeout of zero means no timeout.
//
// The Client's Transport must support the CancelRequest
// method or Client will return errors when attempting to make
// a request with Get, Head, Post, or Do. Client's default
// Transport (DefaultTransport) supports CancelRequest.
Timeout time.Duration
}A Client is an HTTP client. Its zero value (DefaultClient) is a usable client that uses DefaultTransport.
The Client's Transport typically has internal state (cached TCP connections), so Clients should be reused instead of created as needed. Clients are safe for concurrent use by multiple goroutines.
A Client is higher-level than a RoundTripper (such as Transport) and additionally handles HTTP details such as cookies and redirects.
func (c *Client) Do(req *Request) (resp *Response, err error)
Do sends an HTTP request and returns an HTTP response, following policy (e.g. redirects, cookies, auth) as configured on the client.
An error is returned if caused by client policy (such as CheckRedirect), or if there was an HTTP protocol error. A non-2xx response doesn't cause an error.
When err is nil, resp always contains a non-nil resp.Body.
Callers should close resp.Body when done reading from it. If resp.Body is not closed, the Client's underlying RoundTripper (typically Transport) may not be able to re-use a persistent TCP connection to the server for a subsequent "keep-alive" request.
The request Body, if non-nil, will be closed by the underlying Transport, even on errors.
Generally Get, Post, or PostForm will be used instead of Do.
func (c *Client) Get(url string) (resp *Response, err error)
Get issues a GET to the specified URL. If the response is one of the following redirect codes, Get follows the redirect after calling the Client's CheckRedirect function.
301 (Moved Permanently) 302 (Found) 303 (See Other) 307 (Temporary Redirect)
An error is returned if the Client's CheckRedirect function fails or if there was an HTTP protocol error. A non-2xx response doesn't cause an error.
When err is nil, resp always contains a non-nil resp.Body. Caller should close resp.Body when done reading from it.
func (c *Client) Head(url string) (resp *Response, err error)
Head issues a HEAD to the specified URL. If the response is one of the following redirect codes, Head follows the redirect after calling the Client's CheckRedirect function.
301 (Moved Permanently) 302 (Found) 303 (See Other) 307 (Temporary Redirect)
func (c *Client) Post(url string, bodyType string, body io.Reader) (resp *Response, err error)
Post issues a POST to the specified URL.
Caller should close resp.Body when done reading from it.
If the provided body is also an io.Closer, it is closed after the request.
func (c *Client) PostForm(url string, data url.Values) (resp *Response, err error)
PostForm issues a POST to the specified URL, with data's keys and values urlencoded as the request body.
When err is nil, resp always contains a non-nil resp.Body. Caller should close resp.Body when done reading from it.
type CloseNotifier interface {
// CloseNotify returns a channel that receives a single value
// when the client connection has gone away.
CloseNotify() <-chan bool
}The CloseNotifier interface is implemented by ResponseWriters which allow detecting when the underlying connection has gone away.
This mechanism can be used to cancel long operations on the server if the client has disconnected before the response is ready.
type ConnState int
A ConnState represents the state of a client connection to a server. It's used by the optional Server.ConnState hook.
const (
// StateNew represents a new connection that is expected to
// send a request immediately. Connections begin at this
// state and then transition to either StateActive or
// StateClosed.
StateNew ConnState = iota
// StateActive represents a connection that has read 1 or more
// bytes of a request. The Server.ConnState hook for
// StateActive fires before the request has entered a handler
// and doesn't fire again until the request has been
// handled. After the request is handled, the state
// transitions to StateClosed, StateHijacked, or StateIdle.
StateActive
// StateIdle represents a connection that has finished
// handling a request and is in the keep-alive state, waiting
// for a new request. Connections transition from StateIdle
// to either StateActive or StateClosed.
StateIdle
// StateHijacked represents a hijacked connection.
// This is a terminal state. It does not transition to StateClosed.
StateHijacked
// StateClosed represents a closed connection.
// This is a terminal state. Hijacked connections do not
// transition to StateClosed.
StateClosed
)
func (c ConnState) String() string
type Cookie struct {
Name string
Value string
Path string
Domain string
Expires time.Time
RawExpires string
// MaxAge=0 means no 'Max-Age' attribute specified.
// MaxAge<0 means delete cookie now, equivalently 'Max-Age: 0'
// MaxAge>0 means Max-Age attribute present and given in seconds
MaxAge int
Secure bool
HttpOnly bool
Raw string
Unparsed []string // Raw text of unparsed attribute-value pairs
}A Cookie represents an HTTP cookie as sent in the Set-Cookie header of an HTTP response or the Cookie header of an HTTP request.
func (c *Cookie) String() string
String returns the serialization of the cookie for use in a Cookie header (if only Name and Value are set) or a Set-Cookie response header (if other fields are set).
type CookieJar interface {
// SetCookies handles the receipt of the cookies in a reply for the
// given URL. It may or may not choose to save the cookies, depending
// on the jar's policy and implementation.
SetCookies(u *url.URL, cookies []*Cookie)
// Cookies returns the cookies to send in a request for the given URL.
// It is up to the implementation to honor the standard cookie use
// restrictions such as in RFC 6265.
Cookies(u *url.URL) []*Cookie
}A CookieJar manages storage and use of cookies in HTTP requests.
Implementations of CookieJar must be safe for concurrent use by multiple goroutines.
The net/http/cookiejar package provides a CookieJar implementation.
type Dir string
A Dir implements FileSystem using the native file system restricted to a specific directory tree.
While the FileSystem.Open method takes '/'-separated paths, a Dir's string value is a filename on the native file system, not a URL, so it is separated by filepath.Separator, which isn't necessarily '/'.
An empty Dir is treated as ".".
func (d Dir) Open(name string) (File, error)
type File interface {
io.Closer
io.Reader
Readdir(count int) ([]os.FileInfo, error)
Seek(offset int64, whence int) (int64, error)
Stat() (os.FileInfo, error)
}A File is returned by a FileSystem's Open method and can be served by the FileServer implementation.
The methods should behave the same as those on an *os.File.
type FileSystem interface {
Open(name string) (File, error)
}A FileSystem implements access to a collection of named files. The elements in a file path are separated by slash ('/', U+002F) characters, regardless of host operating system convention.
type Flusher interface {
// Flush sends any buffered data to the client.
Flush()
}The Flusher interface is implemented by ResponseWriters that allow an HTTP handler to flush buffered data to the client.
Note that even for ResponseWriters that support Flush, if the client is connected through an HTTP proxy, the buffered data may not reach the client until the response completes.
type Handler interface {
ServeHTTP(ResponseWriter, *Request)
}Objects implementing the Handler interface can be registered to serve a particular path or subtree in the HTTP server.
ServeHTTP should write reply headers and data to the ResponseWriter and then return. Returning signals that the request is finished and that the HTTP server can move on to the next request on the connection.
If ServeHTTP panics, the server (the caller of ServeHTTP) assumes that the effect of the panic was isolated to the active request. It recovers the panic, logs a stack trace to the server error log, and hangs up the connection.
func FileServer(root FileSystem) Handler
FileServer returns a handler that serves HTTP requests with the contents of the file system rooted at root.
To use the operating system's file system implementation, use http.Dir:
http.Handle("/", http.FileServer(http.Dir("/tmp")))
Code:play
// Simple static webserver:
log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", http.FileServer(http.Dir("/usr/share/doc"))))
Code:play
// To serve a directory on disk (/tmp) under an alternate URL // path (/tmpfiles/), use StripPrefix to modify the request // URL's path before the FileServer sees it: http.Handle("/tmpfiles/", http.StripPrefix("/tmpfiles/", http.FileServer(http.Dir("/tmp"))))
func NotFoundHandler() Handler
NotFoundHandler returns a simple request handler that replies to each request with a “404 page not found” reply.
func RedirectHandler(url string, code int) Handler
RedirectHandler returns a request handler that redirects each request it receives to the given url using the given status code.
func StripPrefix(prefix string, h Handler) Handler
StripPrefix returns a handler that serves HTTP requests by removing the given prefix from the request URL's Path and invoking the handler h. StripPrefix handles a request for a path that doesn't begin with prefix by replying with an HTTP 404 not found error.
func TimeoutHandler(h Handler, dt time.Duration, msg string) Handler
TimeoutHandler returns a Handler that runs h with the given time limit.
The new Handler calls h.ServeHTTP to handle each request, but if a call runs for longer than its time limit, the handler responds with a 503 Service Unavailable error and the given message in its body. (If msg is empty, a suitable default message will be sent.) After such a timeout, writes by h to its ResponseWriter will return ErrHandlerTimeout.
type HandlerFunc func(ResponseWriter, *Request)
The HandlerFunc type is an adapter to allow the use of ordinary functions as HTTP handlers. If f is a function with the appropriate signature, HandlerFunc(f) is a Handler object that calls f.
func (f HandlerFunc) ServeHTTP(w ResponseWriter, r *Request)
ServeHTTP calls f(w, r).
type Header map[string][]string
A Header represents the key-value pairs in an HTTP header.
func (h Header) Add(key, value string)
Add adds the key, value pair to the header. It appends to any existing values associated with key.
func (h Header) Del(key string)
Del deletes the values associated with key.
func (h Header) Get(key string) string
Get gets the first value associated with the given key. If there are no values associated with the key, Get returns "". To access multiple values of a key, access the map directly with CanonicalHeaderKey.
func (h Header) Set(key, value string)
Set sets the header entries associated with key to the single element value. It replaces any existing values associated with key.
func (h Header) Write(w io.Writer) error
Write writes a header in wire format.
func (h Header) WriteSubset(w io.Writer, exclude map[string]bool) error
WriteSubset writes a header in wire format. If exclude is not nil, keys where exclude[key] == true are not written.
type Hijacker interface {
// Hijack lets the caller take over the connection.
// After a call to Hijack(), the HTTP server library
// will not do anything else with the connection.
// It becomes the caller's responsibility to manage
// and close the connection.
Hijack() (net.Conn, *bufio.ReadWriter, error)
}The Hijacker interface is implemented by ResponseWriters that allow an HTTP handler to take over the connection.
Code:play
http.HandleFunc("/hijack", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
hj, ok := w.(http.Hijacker)
if !ok {
http.Error(w, "webserver doesn't support hijacking", http.StatusInternalServerError)
return
}
conn, bufrw, err := hj.Hijack()
if err != nil {
http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
return
}
// Don't forget to close the connection:
defer conn.Close()
bufrw.WriteString("Now we're speaking raw TCP. Say hi: ")
bufrw.Flush()
s, err := bufrw.ReadString('\n')
if err != nil {
log.Printf("error reading string: %v", err)
return
}
fmt.Fprintf(bufrw, "You said: %q\nBye.\n", s)
bufrw.Flush()
})
type ProtocolError struct {
ErrorString string
}HTTP request parsing errors.
func (err *ProtocolError) Error() string
type Request struct {
// Method specifies the HTTP method (GET, POST, PUT, etc.).
// For client requests an empty string means GET.
Method string
// URL specifies either the URI being requested (for server
// requests) or the URL to access (for client requests).
//
// For server requests the URL is parsed from the URI
// supplied on the Request-Line as stored in RequestURI. For
// most requests, fields other than Path and RawQuery will be
// empty. (See RFC 2616, Section 5.1.2)
//
// For client requests, the URL's Host specifies the server to
// connect to, while the Request's Host field optionally
// specifies the Host header value to send in the HTTP
// request.
URL *url.URL
// The protocol version for incoming requests.
// Client requests always use HTTP/1.1.
Proto string // "HTTP/1.0"
ProtoMajor int // 1
ProtoMinor int // 0
// A header maps request lines to their values.
// If the header says
//
// accept-encoding: gzip, deflate
// Accept-Language: en-us
// Connection: keep-alive
//
// then
//
// Header = map[string][]string{
// "Accept-Encoding": {"gzip, deflate"},
// "Accept-Language": {"en-us"},
// "Connection": {"keep-alive"},
// }
//
// HTTP defines that header names are case-insensitive.
// The request parser implements this by canonicalizing the
// name, making the first character and any characters
// following a hyphen uppercase and the rest lowercase.
//
// For client requests certain headers are automatically
// added and may override values in Header.
//
// See the documentation for the Request.Write method.
Header Header
// Body is the request's body.
//
// For client requests a nil body means the request has no
// body, such as a GET request. The HTTP Client's Transport
// is responsible for calling the Close method.
//
// For server requests the Request Body is always non-nil
// but will return EOF immediately when no body is present.
// The Server will close the request body. The ServeHTTP
// Handler does not need to.
Body io.ReadCloser
// ContentLength records the length of the associated content.
// The value -1 indicates that the length is unknown.
// Values >= 0 indicate that the given number of bytes may
// be read from Body.
// For client requests, a value of 0 means unknown if Body is not nil.
ContentLength int64
// TransferEncoding lists the transfer encodings from outermost to
// innermost. An empty list denotes the "identity" encoding.
// TransferEncoding can usually be ignored; chunked encoding is
// automatically added and removed as necessary when sending and
// receiving requests.
TransferEncoding []string
// Close indicates whether to close the connection after
// replying to this request (for servers) or after sending
// the request (for clients).
Close bool
// For server requests Host specifies the host on which the
// URL is sought. Per RFC 2616, this is either the value of
// the "Host" header or the host name given in the URL itself.
// It may be of the form "host:port".
//
// For client requests Host optionally overrides the Host
// header to send. If empty, the Request.Write method uses
// the value of URL.Host.
Host string
// Form contains the parsed form data, including both the URL
// field's query parameters and the POST or PUT form data.
// This field is only available after ParseForm is called.
// The HTTP client ignores Form and uses Body instead.
Form url.Values
// PostForm contains the parsed form data from POST or PUT
// body parameters.
// This field is only available after ParseForm is called.
// The HTTP client ignores PostForm and uses Body instead.
PostForm url.Values
// MultipartForm is the parsed multipart form, including file uploads.
// This field is only available after ParseMultipartForm is called.
// The HTTP client ignores MultipartForm and uses Body instead.
MultipartForm *multipart.Form
// Trailer specifies additional headers that are sent after the request
// body.
//
// For server requests the Trailer map initially contains only the
// trailer keys, with nil values. (The client declares which trailers it
// will later send.) While the handler is reading from Body, it must
// not reference Trailer. After reading from Body returns EOF, Trailer
// can be read again and will contain non-nil values, if they were sent
// by the client.
//
// For client requests Trailer must be initialized to a map containing
// the trailer keys to later send. The values may be nil or their final
// values. The ContentLength must be 0 or -1, to send a chunked request.
// After the HTTP request is sent the map values can be updated while
// the request body is read. Once the body returns EOF, the caller must
// not mutate Trailer.
//
// Few HTTP clients, servers, or proxies support HTTP trailers.
Trailer Header
// RemoteAddr allows HTTP servers and other software to record
// the network address that sent the request, usually for
// logging. This field is not filled in by ReadRequest and
// has no defined format. The HTTP server in this package
// sets RemoteAddr to an "IP:port" address before invoking a
// handler.
// This field is ignored by the HTTP client.
RemoteAddr string
// RequestURI is the unmodified Request-URI of the
// Request-Line (RFC 2616, Section 5.1) as sent by the client
// to a server. Usually the URL field should be used instead.
// It is an error to set this field in an HTTP client request.
RequestURI string
// TLS allows HTTP servers and other software to record
// information about the TLS connection on which the request
// was received. This field is not filled in by ReadRequest.
// The HTTP server in this package sets the field for
// TLS-enabled connections before invoking a handler;
// otherwise it leaves the field nil.
// This field is ignored by the HTTP client.
TLS *tls.ConnectionState
}A Request represents an HTTP request received by a server or to be sent by a client.
The field semantics differ slightly between client and server usage. In addition to the notes on the fields below, see the documentation for Request.Write and RoundTripper.
func NewRequest(method, urlStr string, body io.Reader) (*Request, error)
NewRequest returns a new Request given a method, URL, and optional body.
If the provided body is also an io.Closer, the returned Request.Body is set to body and will be closed by the Client methods Do, Post, and PostForm, and Transport.RoundTrip.
func ReadRequest(b *bufio.Reader) (req *Request, err error)
ReadRequest reads and parses a request from b.
func (r *Request) AddCookie(c *Cookie)
AddCookie adds a cookie to the request. Per RFC 6265 section 5.4, AddCookie does not attach more than one Cookie header field. That means all cookies, if any, are written into the same line, separated by semicolon.
func (r *Request) BasicAuth() (username, password string, ok bool)
BasicAuth returns the username and password provided in the request's Authorization header, if the request uses HTTP Basic Authentication. See RFC 2617, Section 2.
func (r *Request) Cookie(name string) (*Cookie, error)
Cookie returns the named cookie provided in the request or ErrNoCookie if not found.
func (r *Request) Cookies() []*Cookie
Cookies parses and returns the HTTP cookies sent with the request.
func (r *Request) FormFile(key string) (multipart.File, *multipart.FileHeader, error)
FormFile returns the first file for the provided form key. FormFile calls ParseMultipartForm and ParseForm if necessary.
func (r *Request) FormValue(key string) string
FormValue returns the first value for the named component of the query. POST and PUT body parameters take precedence over URL query string values. FormValue calls ParseMultipartForm and ParseForm if necessary and ignores any errors returned by these functions. To access multiple values of the same key, call ParseForm and then inspect Request.Form directly.
func (r *Request) MultipartReader() (*multipart.Reader, error)
MultipartReader returns a MIME multipart reader if this is a multipart/form-data POST request, else returns nil and an error. Use this function instead of ParseMultipartForm to process the request body as a stream.
func (r *Request) ParseForm() error
ParseForm parses the raw query from the URL and updates r.Form.
For POST or PUT requests, it also parses the request body as a form and put the results into both r.PostForm and r.Form. POST and PUT body parameters take precedence over URL query string values in r.Form.
If the request Body's size has not already been limited by MaxBytesReader, the size is capped at 10MB.
ParseMultipartForm calls ParseForm automatically. It is idempotent.
func (r *Request) ParseMultipartForm(maxMemory int64) error
ParseMultipartForm parses a request body as multipart/form-data. The whole request body is parsed and up to a total of maxMemory bytes of its file parts are stored in memory, with the remainder stored on disk in temporary files. ParseMultipartForm calls ParseForm if necessary. After one call to ParseMultipartForm, subsequent calls have no effect.
func (r *Request) PostFormValue(key string) string
PostFormValue returns the first value for the named component of the POST or PUT request body. URL query parameters are ignored. PostFormValue calls ParseMultipartForm and ParseForm if necessary and ignores any errors returned by these functions.
func (r *Request) ProtoAtLeast(major, minor int) bool
ProtoAtLeast reports whether the HTTP protocol used in the request is at least major.minor.
func (r *Request) Referer() string
Referer returns the referring URL, if sent in the request.
Referer is misspelled as in the request itself, a mistake from the earliest days of HTTP. This value can also be fetched from the Header map as Header["Referer"]; the benefit of making it available as a method is that the compiler can diagnose programs that use the alternate (correct English) spelling req.Referrer() but cannot diagnose programs that use Header["Referrer"].
func (r *Request) SetBasicAuth(username, password string)
SetBasicAuth sets the request's Authorization header to use HTTP Basic Authentication with the provided username and password.
With HTTP Basic Authentication the provided username and password are not encrypted.
func (r *Request) UserAgent() string
UserAgent returns the client's User-Agent, if sent in the request.
func (r *Request) Write(w io.Writer) error
Write writes an HTTP/1.1 request -- header and body -- in wire format. This method consults the following fields of the request:
Host URL Method (defaults to "GET") Header ContentLength TransferEncoding Body
If Body is present, Content-Length is <= 0 and TransferEncoding hasn't been set to "identity", Write adds "Transfer-Encoding: chunked" to the header. Body is closed after it is sent.
func (r *Request) WriteProxy(w io.Writer) error
WriteProxy is like Write but writes the request in the form expected by an HTTP proxy. In particular, WriteProxy writes the initial Request-URI line of the request with an absolute URI, per section 5.1.2 of RFC 2616, including the scheme and host. In either case, WriteProxy also writes a Host header, using either r.Host or r.URL.Host.
type Response struct {
Status string // e.g. "200 OK"
StatusCode int // e.g. 200
Proto string // e.g. "HTTP/1.0"
ProtoMajor int // e.g. 1
ProtoMinor int // e.g. 0
// Header maps header keys to values. If the response had multiple
// headers with the same key, they may be concatenated, with comma
// delimiters. (Section 4.2 of RFC 2616 requires that multiple headers
// be semantically equivalent to a comma-delimited sequence.) Values
// duplicated by other fields in this struct (e.g., ContentLength) are
// omitted from Header.
//
// Keys in the map are canonicalized (see CanonicalHeaderKey).
Header Header
// Body represents the response body.
//
// The http Client and Transport guarantee that Body is always
// non-nil, even on responses without a body or responses with
// a zero-length body. It is the caller's responsibility to
// close Body.
//
// The Body is automatically dechunked if the server replied
// with a "chunked" Transfer-Encoding.
Body io.ReadCloser
// ContentLength records the length of the associated content. The
// value -1 indicates that the length is unknown. Unless Request.Method
// is "HEAD", values >= 0 indicate that the given number of bytes may
// be read from Body.
ContentLength int64
// Contains transfer encodings from outer-most to inner-most. Value is
// nil, means that "identity" encoding is used.
TransferEncoding []string
// Close records whether the header directed that the connection be
// closed after reading Body. The value is advice for clients: neither
// ReadResponse nor Response.Write ever closes a connection.
Close bool
// Trailer maps trailer keys to values, in the same
// format as the header.
Trailer Header
// The Request that was sent to obtain this Response.
// Request's Body is nil (having already been consumed).
// This is only populated for Client requests.
Request *Request
// TLS contains information about the TLS connection on which the
// response was received. It is nil for unencrypted responses.
// The pointer is shared between responses and should not be
// modified.
TLS *tls.ConnectionState
}Response represents the response from an HTTP request.
func Get(url string) (resp *Response, err error)
Get issues a GET to the specified URL. If the response is one of the following redirect codes, Get follows the redirect, up to a maximum of 10 redirects:
301 (Moved Permanently) 302 (Found) 303 (See Other) 307 (Temporary Redirect)
An error is returned if there were too many redirects or if there was an HTTP protocol error. A non-2xx response doesn't cause an error.
When err is nil, resp always contains a non-nil resp.Body. Caller should close resp.Body when done reading from it.
Get is a wrapper around DefaultClient.Get.
func Head(url string) (resp *Response, err error)
Head issues a HEAD to the specified URL. If the response is one of the following redirect codes, Head follows the redirect after calling the Client's CheckRedirect function.
301 (Moved Permanently) 302 (Found) 303 (See Other) 307 (Temporary Redirect)
Head is a wrapper around DefaultClient.Head
func Post(url string, bodyType string, body io.Reader) (resp *Response, err error)
Post issues a POST to the specified URL.
Caller should close resp.Body when done reading from it.
Post is a wrapper around DefaultClient.Post
func PostForm(url string, data url.Values) (resp *Response, err error)
PostForm issues a POST to the specified URL, with data's keys and values URL-encoded as the request body.
When err is nil, resp always contains a non-nil resp.Body. Caller should close resp.Body when done reading from it.
PostForm is a wrapper around DefaultClient.PostForm
func ReadResponse(r *bufio.Reader, req *Request) (*Response, error)
ReadResponse reads and returns an HTTP response from r. The req parameter optionally specifies the Request that corresponds to this Response. If nil, a GET request is assumed. Clients must call resp.Body.Close when finished reading resp.Body. After that call, clients can inspect resp.Trailer to find key/value pairs included in the response trailer.
func (r *Response) Cookies() []*Cookie
Cookies parses and returns the cookies set in the Set-Cookie headers.
func (r *Response) Location() (*url.URL, error)
Location returns the URL of the response's "Location" header, if present. Relative redirects are resolved relative to the Response's Request. ErrNoLocation is returned if no Location header is present.
func (r *Response) ProtoAtLeast(major, minor int) bool
ProtoAtLeast reports whether the HTTP protocol used in the response is at least major.minor.
func (r *Response) Write(w io.Writer) error
Writes the response (header, body and trailer) in wire format. This method consults the following fields of the response:
StatusCode ProtoMajor ProtoMinor Request.Method TransferEncoding Trailer Body ContentLength Header, values for non-canonical keys will have unpredictable behavior
Body is closed after it is sent.
type ResponseWriter interface {
// Header returns the header map that will be sent by WriteHeader.
// Changing the header after a call to WriteHeader (or Write) has
// no effect.
Header() Header
// Write writes the data to the connection as part of an HTTP reply.
// If WriteHeader has not yet been called, Write calls WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
// before writing the data. If the Header does not contain a
// Content-Type line, Write adds a Content-Type set to the result of passing
// the initial 512 bytes of written data to DetectContentType.
Write([]byte) (int, error)
// WriteHeader sends an HTTP response header with status code.
// If WriteHeader is not called explicitly, the first call to Write
// will trigger an implicit WriteHeader(http.StatusOK).
// Thus explicit calls to WriteHeader are mainly used to
// send error codes.
WriteHeader(int)
}A ResponseWriter interface is used by an HTTP handler to construct an HTTP response.
type RoundTripper interface {
// RoundTrip executes a single HTTP transaction, returning
// the Response for the request req. RoundTrip should not
// attempt to interpret the response. In particular,
// RoundTrip must return err == nil if it obtained a response,
// regardless of the response's HTTP status code. A non-nil
// err should be reserved for failure to obtain a response.
// Similarly, RoundTrip should not attempt to handle
// higher-level protocol details such as redirects,
// authentication, or cookies.
//
// RoundTrip should not modify the request, except for
// consuming and closing the Body, including on errors. The
// request's URL and Header fields are guaranteed to be
// initialized.
RoundTrip(*Request) (*Response, error)
}RoundTripper is an interface representing the ability to execute a single HTTP transaction, obtaining the Response for a given Request.
A RoundTripper must be safe for concurrent use by multiple goroutines.
var DefaultTransport RoundTripper = &Transport{ Proxy: ProxyFromEnvironment, Dial: (&net.Dialer{ Timeout: 30 * time.Second, KeepAlive: 30 * time.Second, }).Dial, TLSHandshakeTimeout: 10 * time.Second, }
DefaultTransport is the default implementation of Transport and is used by DefaultClient. It establishes network connections as needed and caches them for reuse by subsequent calls. It uses HTTP proxies as directed by the $HTTP_PROXY and $NO_PROXY (or $http_proxy and $no_proxy) environment variables.
func NewFileTransport(fs FileSystem) RoundTripper
NewFileTransport returns a new RoundTripper, serving the provided FileSystem. The returned RoundTripper ignores the URL host in its incoming requests, as well as most other properties of the request.
The typical use case for NewFileTransport is to register the "file" protocol with a Transport, as in:
t := &http.Transport{}
t.RegisterProtocol("file", http.NewFileTransport(http.Dir("/")))
c := &http.Client{Transport: t}
res, err := c.Get("file:///etc/passwd")
...
type ServeMux struct {
// contains filtered or unexported fields
}ServeMux is an HTTP request multiplexer. It matches the URL of each incoming request against a list of registered patterns and calls the handler for the pattern that most closely matches the URL.
Patterns name fixed, rooted paths, like "/favicon.ico", or rooted subtrees, like "/images/" (note the trailing slash). Longer patterns take precedence over shorter ones, so that if there are handlers registered for both "/images/" and "/images/thumbnails/", the latter handler will be called for paths beginning "/images/thumbnails/" and the former will receive requests for any other paths in the "/images/" subtree.
Note that since a pattern ending in a slash names a rooted subtree, the pattern "/" matches all paths not matched by other registered patterns, not just the URL with Path == "/".
Patterns may optionally begin with a host name, restricting matches to URLs on that host only. Host-specific patterns take precedence over general patterns, so that a handler might register for the two patterns "/codesearch" and "codesearch.google.com/" without also taking over requests for "http://www.google.com/".
ServeMux also takes care of sanitizing the URL request path, redirecting any request containing . or .. elements to an equivalent .- and ..-free URL.
func NewServeMux() *ServeMux
NewServeMux allocates and returns a new ServeMux.
func (mux *ServeMux) Handle(pattern string, handler Handler)
Handle registers the handler for the given pattern. If a handler already exists for pattern, Handle panics.
Code:
mux := http.NewServeMux()
mux.Handle("/api/", apiHandler{})
mux.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
// The "/" pattern matches everything, so we need to check
// that we're at the root here.
if req.URL.Path != "/" {
http.NotFound(w, req)
return
}
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Welcome to the home page!")
})
func (mux *ServeMux) HandleFunc(pattern string, handler func(ResponseWriter, *Request))
HandleFunc registers the handler function for the given pattern.
func (mux *ServeMux) Handler(r *Request) (h Handler, pattern string)
Handler returns the handler to use for the given request, consulting r.Method, r.Host, and r.URL.Path. It always returns a non-nil handler. If the path is not in its canonical form, the handler will be an internally-generated handler that redirects to the canonical path.
Handler also returns the registered pattern that matches the request or, in the case of internally-generated redirects, the pattern that will match after following the redirect.
If there is no registered handler that applies to the request, Handler returns a “page not found” handler and an empty pattern.
func (mux *ServeMux) ServeHTTP(w ResponseWriter, r *Request)
ServeHTTP dispatches the request to the handler whose pattern most closely matches the request URL.
type Server struct {
Addr string // TCP address to listen on, ":http" if empty
Handler Handler // handler to invoke, http.DefaultServeMux if nil
ReadTimeout time.Duration // maximum duration before timing out read of the request
WriteTimeout time.Duration // maximum duration before timing out write of the response
MaxHeaderBytes int // maximum size of request headers, DefaultMaxHeaderBytes if 0
TLSConfig *tls.Config // optional TLS config, used by ListenAndServeTLS
// TLSNextProto optionally specifies a function to take over
// ownership of the provided TLS connection when an NPN
// protocol upgrade has occurred. The map key is the protocol
// name negotiated. The Handler argument should be used to
// handle HTTP requests and will initialize the Request's TLS
// and RemoteAddr if not already set. The connection is
// automatically closed when the function returns.
TLSNextProto map[string]func(*Server, *tls.Conn, Handler)
// ConnState specifies an optional callback function that is
// called when a client connection changes state. See the
// ConnState type and associated constants for details.
ConnState func(net.Conn, ConnState)
// ErrorLog specifies an optional logger for errors accepting
// connections and unexpected behavior from handlers.
// If nil, logging goes to os.Stderr via the log package's
// standard logger.
ErrorLog *log.Logger
// contains filtered or unexported fields
}A Server defines parameters for running an HTTP server. The zero value for Server is a valid configuration.
func (srv *Server) ListenAndServe() error
ListenAndServe listens on the TCP network address srv.Addr and then calls Serve to handle requests on incoming connections. If srv.Addr is blank, ":http" is used.
func (srv *Server) ListenAndServeTLS(certFile, keyFile string) error
ListenAndServeTLS listens on the TCP network address srv.Addr and then calls Serve to handle requests on incoming TLS connections.
Filenames containing a certificate and matching private key for the server must be provided. If the certificate is signed by a certificate authority, the certFile should be the concatenation of the server's certificate followed by the CA's certificate.
If srv.Addr is blank, ":https" is used.
func (srv *Server) Serve(l net.Listener) error
Serve accepts incoming connections on the Listener l, creating a new service goroutine for each. The service goroutines read requests and then call srv.Handler to reply to them.
func (s *Server) SetKeepAlivesEnabled(v bool)
SetKeepAlivesEnabled controls whether HTTP keep-alives are enabled. By default, keep-alives are always enabled. Only very resource-constrained environments or servers in the process of shutting down should disable them.
type Transport struct {
// Proxy specifies a function to return a proxy for a given
// Request. If the function returns a non-nil error, the
// request is aborted with the provided error.
// If Proxy is nil or returns a nil *URL, no proxy is used.
Proxy func(*Request) (*url.URL, error)
// Dial specifies the dial function for creating unencrypted
// TCP connections.
// If Dial is nil, net.Dial is used.
Dial func(network, addr string) (net.Conn, error)
// DialTLS specifies an optional dial function for creating
// TLS connections for non-proxied HTTPS requests.
//
// If DialTLS is nil, Dial and TLSClientConfig are used.
//
// If DialTLS is set, the Dial hook is not used for HTTPS
// requests and the TLSClientConfig and TLSHandshakeTimeout
// are ignored. The returned net.Conn is assumed to already be
// past the TLS handshake.
DialTLS func(network, addr string) (net.Conn, error)
// TLSClientConfig specifies the TLS configuration to use with
// tls.Client. If nil, the default configuration is used.
TLSClientConfig *tls.Config
// TLSHandshakeTimeout specifies the maximum amount of time waiting to
// wait for a TLS handshake. Zero means no timeout.
TLSHandshakeTimeout time.Duration
// DisableKeepAlives, if true, prevents re-use of TCP connections
// between different HTTP requests.
DisableKeepAlives bool
// DisableCompression, if true, prevents the Transport from
// requesting compression with an "Accept-Encoding: gzip"
// request header when the Request contains no existing
// Accept-Encoding value. If the Transport requests gzip on
// its own and gets a gzipped response, it's transparently
// decoded in the Response.Body. However, if the user
// explicitly requested gzip it is not automatically
// uncompressed.
DisableCompression bool
// MaxIdleConnsPerHost, if non-zero, controls the maximum idle
// (keep-alive) to keep per-host. If zero,
// DefaultMaxIdleConnsPerHost is used.
MaxIdleConnsPerHost int
// ResponseHeaderTimeout, if non-zero, specifies the amount of
// time to wait for a server's response headers after fully
// writing the request (including its body, if any). This
// time does not include the time to read the response body.
ResponseHeaderTimeout time.Duration
// contains filtered or unexported fields
}Transport is an implementation of RoundTripper that supports HTTP, HTTPS, and HTTP proxies (for either HTTP or HTTPS with CONNECT). Transport can also cache connections for future re-use.
func (t *Transport) CancelRequest(req *Request)
CancelRequest cancels an in-flight request by closing its connection.
func (t *Transport) CloseIdleConnections()
CloseIdleConnections closes any connections which were previously connected from previous requests but are now sitting idle in a "keep-alive" state. It does not interrupt any connections currently in use.
func (t *Transport) RegisterProtocol(scheme string, rt RoundTripper)
RegisterProtocol registers a new protocol with scheme. The Transport will pass requests using the given scheme to rt. It is rt's responsibility to simulate HTTP request semantics.
RegisterProtocol can be used by other packages to provide implementations of protocol schemes like "ftp" or "file".
func (t *Transport) RoundTrip(req *Request) (resp *Response, err error)
RoundTrip implements the RoundTripper interface.
For higher-level HTTP client support (such as handling of cookies and redirects), see Get, Post, and the Client type.
| Path | Synopsis |
|---|---|
| cgi | Package cgi implements CGI (Common Gateway Interface) as specified in RFC 3875. |
| cookiejar | Package cookiejar implements an in-memory RFC 6265-compliant http.CookieJar. |
| fcgi | Package fcgi implements the FastCGI protocol. |
| httptest | Package httptest provides utilities for HTTP testing. |
| httputil | Package httputil provides HTTP utility functions, complementing the more common ones in the net/http package. |
| internal | Package internal contains HTTP internals shared by net/http and net/http/httputil. |
| pprof | Package pprof serves via its HTTP server runtime profiling data in the format expected by the pprof visualization tool. |
Package http imports 27 packages (graph) and is imported by 17417 packages. Updated 2015-01-23. Refresh now. Tools for package owners.